在 Ubuntu 下安装、升级和卸载 pip3

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参考资料

pip 常用命令
pip 官方文档

一、常用命令

1. 在线安装
>> sudo apt-get install python3-pip

1.1 离线安装
wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/3.6/get-pip.py
python3 get-pip.py

2. 升级pip
>> sudo pip3 install --upgrade pip
# --upgrade 可简写为 -U

3. 卸载
>> sudo apt-get remove python3-pip

4. 用pip3安装包
>> pip3 install 包名

4.1 更新版本
>> pip3 install --upgrade 包名
# --upgrade 可简写为 -U

4.2 如果更新失败，尝试添加 --ignore-installed
>> pip3 install --upgrade --ignore-installed 包名

4.3 安装指定版本
>> pip3 install 包名       # 最新版本
>> pip3 install 包名==1.8  # 指定版本
>> pip3 install 包名>=1.8  # 最小版本

4.4 卸载包
>> pip3 uninstall 包名

4.5 安装到指定位置
>> pip3 install 包名 -t /PATH/TO/×××

每次调用包的时候，需要加载该路径下的包
import sys
sys.path.append('/PATH/TO/×××')

4.6 安装到用户目录
>> pip3 install 包名 --user # 包会安装到用户目录下

4.7 忽略是否安装
>> pip3 install 包名 --ignore-installed # 忽略包是否安装，都重新安装

4.8 设置超时
>> pip3 install 包名 --timeout=60 # 设置超时连接时间为60s，默认为15s


5. 使用国内镜像安装
>> pip3 install 包名 -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/
或者 >> sudo pip3 install --index-url https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple tensorflow-gpu==1.14 # 包名
# --index-url 简写为 -i

使用清华源升级pip
>> sudo pip3 install -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple pip -U

阿里云	        http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
中国科技大学 	https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/
豆瓣(douban) 	http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
清华大学	https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/
Pypi官方 https://pypi.org/simple/

6. 通过requirements文件批量安装
>> pip3 install -r requirements.txt

强烈推荐：批量安装跳过无法安装的包继续运行
while read requirement; do sudo pip3 install $requirement -i https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/; done < requirement.txt


7. 从VCS安装
>> pip3 install -e git+https://git.repo/some_pkg.git#egg=SomeProject          # 从 git 安装
>> pip3 install -e hg+https://hg.repo/some_pkg#egg=SomeProject                # 从 mercurial 安装
>> pip3 install -e svn+svn://svn.repo/some_pkg/trunk/#egg=SomeProject         # 从 svn 安装
>> pip3 install -e git+https://git.repo/some_pkg.git@feature#egg=SomeProject  # 安装某一分支 branch

8. 本地安装
>> pip3 install ./downloads/SomeProject-1.0.4.tar.gz

9. freeze输出安装包
>> pip3 freeze
>> pip3 freeze > /PATH/TO/requirements.txt # 输出到requirements.txt文件中

10. show显示包所在的目录及信息
>> pip3 show 包名
# 可查看安装包的版本，安装位置，依赖的安装包以及被被那些安装包依赖

11. search根据关键字搜索包
截止到2021年10月18日，官网暂时关掉了该功能
https://status.python.org/

>> pip3 search 关键字  # 会列出所有与关键字相关的软件包

二、gz压缩包下载安装

1. 卸载pip3    
>> sudo apt-get remove python-pip3

2. 源码安装pip3
下载地址：https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip


3. 打开终端，解压 
>> sudo tar -xzvf pip-9.0.1.tar.gz

4. 安装pip3：   
>> sudo python3 setup.py install --user
或 sudo python3 setup.py build

5. 检查pip3版本号：    
>> pip –version

三、.whl文件安装

1. 解压，进入文件夹
>> python3  setup.py  install

或 pip3  install  somewhat.whl --user

四、对比三种安装方式

# From PyPI:
pip install dm-tree

# Directly from github using pip:
pip install git+git://github.com/deepmind/tree.git

# Build from source:
python setup.py install

五、可能出现的问题

Q: pip内部错误

pip错误 ImportError: No module named _internal Traceback (most recent call last):

    File "/home/ubuntu/.local/bin/pip", line 7, in <module> from pip._internal import main ImportError: No module named _internal

# 解决方案：
强制重新安装pip3

>> wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py  --no-check-certificate
     	
>> sudo python3 get-pip.py --force-reinstall

Q: pip下载超时

PIP安装超时的解决方案

Q: 设置pip与python版本

# 1. 查看pip路径
which pip

输出：
/usr/bin/pip

# 2. 查看pip3路径
which pip

输出：
/usr/bin/pip3

# 3. 查看python2的路径
which python2

输出：
/usr/bin/python2

# 4. 查看python3的路径
which python3

输出：
/usr/bin/python3

# 5. 修改pip2对应python2
sudo gedit /usr/bin/pip

第一行，系改为：
#!/usr/bin/python2

# 6. 修改pip3对应python3
sudo gedit /usr/bin/pip3

第一行，系改为：
#!/usr/bin/python3

Q: pip2安装包失败

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/share/python-wheels/pip-9.0.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl/pip/basecommand.py", line 215, in main
    status = self.run(options, args)
  File "/usr/share/python-wheels/pip-9.0.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl/pip/commands/install.py", line 290, in run
    with self._build_session(options) as session:
  File "/usr/share/python-wheels/pip-9.0.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl/pip/basecommand.py", line 69, in _build_session
    if options.cache_dir else None
  File "/media/mydisk/MyDocuments/PyProjects/automl/efficientdet/venv/lib/python2.7/posixpath.py", line 70, in join
    elif path == '' or path.endswith('/'):
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'endswith'

python2 中使用pip2 install package_name的时候报错：AttributeError: ‘int‘ object has no attribute ‘endswith‘

# 解决办法：
在使用pip2安装命令之前设置：PIP_NO_CACHE_DIR=off

比如：
PIP_NO_CACHE_DIR=off pip2 install -U pip2

Q: pip版本太低了

Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 215, in main
    status = self.run(options, args)
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pip/commands/install.py", line 290, in run
    with self._build_session(options) as session:
  File "/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/pip/basecommand.py", line 69, in _build_session
    if options.cache_dir else None
  File "/usr/lib/python3.6/posixpath.py", line 80, in join
    a = os.fspath(a)
TypeError: expected str, bytes or os.PathLike object, not int

TypeError: expected str, bytes or os.PathLike object, not int（解决方法）

# 解决办法：升级pip

对于python2:
curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python2 -

对于python3:
curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3 -

tx2@tx2:/media/mydisk/MyDocuments/PyProjects/automl/efficientdet$ curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3 -
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 2108k  100 2108k    0     0  36367      0  0:00:59  0:00:59 --:--:--  377k
Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.org/simple, https://pypi.ngc.nvidia.com
Collecting pip
  Downloading pip-21.3-py3-none-any.whl (1.7 MB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 1.7 MB 9.5 kB/s            
Installing collected packages: pip
  WARNING: The scripts pip, pip3 and pip3.6 are installed in '/home/tx2/.local/bin' which is not on PATH.
  Consider adding this directory to PATH or, if you prefer to suppress this warning, use --no-warn-script-location.
Successfully installed pip-21.3

Q: pip警告

WARNING: pip is being invoked by an old script wrapper.

TypeError: expected str, bytes or os.PathLike object, not int（解决方法）

Python pip的安装及卸载

tx2@tx2:/media/mydisk/MyDocuments/PyProjects/automl/efficientdet$ pip --version
WARNING: pip is being invoked by an old script wrapper. This will fail in a future version of pip.
Please see https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/5599 for advice on fixing the underlying issue.
To avoid this problem you can invoke Python with '-m pip' instead of running pip directly.
pip 21.3 from /home/tx2/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)

错误原因：
setuptools和pip的版本不对应，所以升级一下pip就可以了
pip和python版本不匹配

解决办法：
方法一：
在pip指令前，添加 python3 -m
比如： python3 -m pip install numpy

查看pip版本以及安装路径
python3 -m pip --version
pip 21.3 from /home/tx2/.local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)

卸载pip
python3 -m pip uninstall pip

卸载pip
sudo apt-get remove python3-pip
sudo apt autoremove


重装python2对应的pip
curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python -

或者
wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py
python get-pip.py

重装python3对应的pip3
curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3 -

或者
wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py
修改 get-pip.py 第一行，修改为 #!/usr/bin/env python3
python3 get-pip.py

更新setuptools
pip3 install --upgrade setuptools

升级pip
python3 -m pip install -U pip

安装包
python -m pip 包名

tx2@tx2:/media/mydisk/MyDocuments/PyProjects/automl/efficientdet$  curl https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py | python3 -
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 2108k  100 2108k    0     0   381k      0  0:00:05  0:00:05 --:--:--  494k
Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.org/simple, https://pypi.ngc.nvidia.com
Collecting pip
  Downloading pip-21.3-py3-none-any.whl (1.7 MB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 1.7 MB 56 kB/s             
Installing collected packages: pip
Successfully installed pip-21.3

Q: 更新pip错误

yoyo@yoyo:~/MyDocuments/PyProjects/Auto-Depth$ pip3 --version
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/yoyo/.local/bin/pip3", line 7, in <module>
    from pip._internal.cli.main import main
  File "/home/yoyo/.local/lib/python3.5/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/main.py", line 57
    sys.stderr.write(f"ERROR: {exc}")
                                   ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

错误原因：
python版本与pip版本不匹配
博主当前python版本为3.5，更新pip版本为21.3.1，导致python版本与pip版本不匹配

Pip21.0.1版本在2020年1月停止支持Python2，在2020年3月停止支持Python3.5

方法一：
更新python版本

方法二：
[解决python pip 安装报语法错误sys.stderr.write(f“ERROR: {exc}“)](https://blog.****.net/hardhard123/article/details/113251805)

[pip documentation v21.3.1](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installation/)
wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/3.5/get-pip.py
python3 get-pip.py
或者（如果上面的指令失败）
wget https://bootstrap.pypa.io/3.5/get-pip.py
python3 get-pip.py

方法二可能出现的问题：
yoyo@yoyo:~/下载$ python3 get-pip.py 
ERROR: This script does not work on Python 3.5 The minimum supported Python version is 3.6. Please use https://bootstrap.pypa.io/pip/3.5/get-pip.py instead.

解决办法（博主未尝试）：
更新python版本

Q: Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable

Defaulting to user installation because normal site-packages is not writeable

Q: pip镜像源地址错误

pip is configured with locations that require TLS/SSL, however the ssl module in Python is not available.
Could not fetch URL https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/pip/: There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='mirrors.aliyun.com', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /pypi/simple/pip/ (Caused by SSLError("Can't connect to HTTPS URL because the SSL module is not available.",)) - skipping

错误原因：
pip镜像源地址错误

解决办法：
https改为http

sudo gedit ~/.pip/pip.conf

[global]
timeout = 6000
index-url = https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
trusted-host = mirrors.aliyun.com
改为
[global]
timeout = 6000
index-url = http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
trusted-host = mirrors.aliyun.com

Q: pip安装找不到包

(pt2pb-tf114) PS F:\MyDocumentes\YOYOFile\Seeking\SeekingCode\deep_learn_frame-pyt-seg> pip install tensorflow==1.14 -i https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
Looking in indexes: https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
ERROR: Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement tensorflow==1.14 (from versions: 2.5.0, 2.5.1, 2.5.2, 2.5.3, 2.6.0rc0, 2.6.0rc1, 2.6.0rc2, 2.6.0, 2.6.1, 2.6.2, 2.6.3, 2
.7.0rc0, 2.7.0rc1, 2.7.0, 2.7.1, 2.8.0rc0, 2.8.0rc1, 2.8.0, 2.9.0rc0, 2.9.0rc1)
ERROR: No matching distribution found for tensorflow==1.14

错误原因：
python3.9没有与之匹配的tensorflow版本。
博主当前的python版本是python3.9.12，支持tensorflow2.5+以上的版本。可以通过 https://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/ 镜像网站查找python3.9所支持的 tensorflow 版本。
​
方法一：
降低python版本
​
方法二：
更换高版本的 <tensorflow

Q: GPG error 缺少公钥

W: GPG error: http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn stable InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 648ACFD622F3D138 NO_PUBKEY 0E98404D386FA1D9 NO_PUBKEY 605C66F00D6C9793
W: GPG error: http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn stable-updates InRelease: The following signatures couldn't be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 648ACFD622F3D138 NO_PUBKEY 0E98404D386FA1D9

The following signatures couldn‘t be verified because the public key is not available: NO_PUBKEY 问题
https://blog.****.net/uknow0904/article/details/108841550

错误原因：
缺少公钥


解决办法：
按照报错提示，添加公钥

sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys <公钥>

​