Debian 系统 Linux 软件源代码配置详情和常用国产软件源代码汇总
在安装Linux之后,我们通常会先配置起国内软件源加速我们的软件包的安装。今天我将常用的Debian系Linux的国内软件源汇总一下。
1,Debian系软件源格式说明
通常Debian系的Linux配置软件源都是修改/etc/apt/sources.list
文件,或者是在/etc/apt/sources.list.d
中加入一些第三方的软件源文件等等。但是两者文件中格式都是统一的如下:
deb 软件源地址 发行版代号 软件分支1 软件分支2 ...
deb-src 软件源地址 发行版代号 软件分支1 软件分支2 ...
配置项语法很简单,由deb
开头的是表示二进制可执行软件的软件源,而deb-src
开头的是软件源代码。文件中以#
开头的是注释。
通常配置了软件源之后,执行sudo apt update
即可更新软件列表索引。
例如Debian的软件源配置某一行如下:
# Debian 11阿里镜像源某片段
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
(1) 版本代号/水平划分部分
在上述紧接着配置的地址后的bullseye
就表示该系统版本代号,当前系统版本代号可以通过命令lsb_release -a
查看,输出结果中的Codename
就是当前系统版本代号。
若提示找不到lsb_release
命令,则通过以下命令安装lsb-release
包:
sudo apt install lsb-release
知道了当前系统版本代号之后,我们可以先在浏览器打开镜像源地址,打开后通常是目录形式,在里面我们可以找到所有软件包:
进入其中的dists
文件夹,在里面可以看到所有的系统代号(这个目录中存放的是每个系统代号对应的软件列表索引):
我们这里Debian 11的代号是bullseye
,因此我们可以先在这找到bullseye
代号及其相关部分:
可见包含该系统代号的主要软件包及其水平划分一共有5个,这些是都要加进镜像源的,这五个包含的软件范畴不一样,有的是主要软件,有的是更新软件等等。这说明一个系统代号下的所有软件包会先被水平划分为几个分类。
现在就可以先编辑软件源配置如下:
# 阿里镜像源
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-updates
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-updates
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy
好了我们把每个配置项的地址部分和代号部分写完了,但是还没有写软件分支部分,我们接下来看。
(2) 软件分支/垂直划分部分
配置中在紧接着系统代号后的几项就都是软件分支部分了!
还是打开镜像源网址,进入pool
文件夹(这个文件夹就存放的是所有软件包):
可见pool
中有三个目录,这三个目录就代表着Debian三个软件的垂直划分,可见Debian的软件包被划分为下列三种:
-
main
Debian中符合*软件规范的软件包 -
contrib
本身属于*软件但是可能部分依赖非*软件的软件包 -
non-free
非*软件
在最新的Debian 12中,增加了
non-free-firmware
这个垂直划分,表示非*固件。
好了,我们现在可以将上述的软件源配置的分支部分补齐了如下:
# 阿里镜像源
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
OK,到这里就配置完成了!可见知道了软件源配置格式以及软件源地址,我们就可以自己配置软件源了!
有的发行版每个系统代号对应不同的软件包划分,因此除了查看pool
目录中的软件包划分之外,还可以直接点进dist
目录中的对应的系统代号部分查看:
进入dist
中对应代号的目录,查看其中的目录名即可(文件不管)。
可见Debian发行版的系统代号下的软件包划分是和pool
中的是对应的,如果说不对应则以dist
中每个代号中的垂直划分为准。
Debian除了配置上述主要软件源以外,还有安全更新源,下面会贴出。
其余系统的系统代号部分和软件包划分可能有所不同,例如Ubuntu源中,dists
和pool
中如下:
可见Ubuntu和Debian不同,软件包划分为四个分支,意义也不一样,具体大家可以自行了解。
对于Deepin就很简单了,其没有水平划分:
可见即使是不同的系统,软件源配置方式及其划分方式都是几乎一样的,总结而来如下:
-
水平划分:每个Linux系统的某个版本都有其对应的代号,而该代号版本的系统的所有软件包通常会先按照功能水平划分,例如Debian的
bullseye
代号下所有软件包先被水平划分为了5个类别:bullseye
、bullseye-updates
、bullseye-proposed-updates
、bullseye-backports
和bullseye-backports-sloppy
,水平划分部分可以在软件源网址中的dists
目录中看到,当然不是每个系统的软件包都会水平划分,例如Deepin 20的软件包就没有进行水平划分,那么就直接在dists
中找到其版本代号即可 -
垂直划分:每个水平划分下的软件包通常又会根据软件包*程度进行垂直划分,而通常一个系统中的每个水平划分下的垂直划分都是一样的。例如Debian中每个水平划分下都垂直划分为了3类:
main
、contrib
和non-free
,在软件源网址中的pool
目录中可以看到垂直划分
2,常用Debian系Linux国内镜像源
修改镜像源配置的方法都基本上一样,修改/etc/apt/sources.list
文件,将里面全部内容先删掉或者注释掉,然后选择下列任意一个镜像站配置内容粘贴进去。
根据自己的操作系统及其版本,选择下面的一个镜像源的配置内容粘贴进sources.list
即可。
(1) Debian
1. 12.x - bookworm
① 阿里云
# 阿里镜像源
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 阿里安全更新镜像源
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
如果你的服务器是阿里云的Debian服务器并且想要给它配置镜像源的话,可以配置阿里云的内网镜像源,这样在阿里云服务器上下载软件会更快:
# 阿里云内网镜像源
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 阿里云内网安全更新镜像源
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
② 腾讯云
# 腾讯镜像源
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 腾讯安全更新镜像源
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
同样地,如果你的服务器是腾讯云的Debian服务器并且想要给它配置镜像源的话,可以配置腾讯云的内网镜像源,这样在腾讯云服务器上下载软件会更快:
# 腾讯内网镜像源
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 腾讯内网安全更新镜像源
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
③ 清华大学镜像站
# 清华大学镜像源
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 清华大学安全更新镜像源
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
④ 中科大镜像站
# 中科大镜像源
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 中科大安全更新镜像源
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
⑤ 官方镜像
对于位于国外的服务器,推荐使用官方的镜像。
# 官方软件源
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-proposed-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-backports-sloppy main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
# 官网安全更新源
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
2. 11.x - bullseye
① 阿里云
# 阿里镜像源
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 阿里安全更新镜像源
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
如果你的服务器是阿里云的Debian服务器并且想要给它配置镜像源的话,可以配置阿里云的内网镜像源,这样在阿里云服务器上下载软件会更快:
# 阿里云内网镜像源
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 阿里云内网安全更新镜像源
deb http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
事实上就是改个镜像源地址为内网镜像地址就OK了!
② 腾讯云
# 腾讯镜像源
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 腾讯安全更新镜像源
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
同样地,如果你的服务器是腾讯云的Debian服务器并且想要给它配置镜像源的话,可以配置腾讯云的内网镜像源,这样在腾讯云服务器上下载软件会更快:
# 腾讯云内网镜像源
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 腾讯云内网安全更新镜像源
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
③ 清华大学镜像站
# 清华大学镜像源
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 清华大学安全更新镜像源
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
④ 中科大镜像站
# 中科大镜像源
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 中科大安全更新镜像源
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
⑤ 官方镜像
对于位于国外的服务器,推荐使用官方的镜像。
# 官方软件源
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-proposed-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports-sloppy main non-free contrib
# 官方安全更新源
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security main non-free contrib
(2) Deepin
Deepin没有特殊情况就建议使用自带的官方镜像源。
1. 20.x - apricot
① 官方
# 官方镜像源
deb https://community-packages.deepin.com/deepin apricot main contrib non-free
deb-src https://community-packages.deepin.com/deepin apricot main contrib non-free
② 阿里云
# 阿里镜像站
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/deepin apricot main contrib non-free
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/deepin apricot main contrib non-free
③ 腾讯云
# 腾讯镜像站
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/deepin apricot main contrib non-free
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/deepin apricot main contrib non-free
④ 清华大学镜像站
# 清华大学镜像站
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/deepin apricot main contrib non-free
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/deepin apricot main contrib non-free
⑤ 中科大镜像站
# 中科大镜像站
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/deepin apricot main contrib non-free
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/deepin apricot main contrib non-free
(3) Ubuntu
1. 22.04.1 LTS - jammy
① 阿里云
# 阿里镜像站
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
② 腾讯云
# 腾讯镜像站
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
③ 清华大学镜像站
# 清华大学镜像站
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
④ 中科大镜像站
# 中科大镜像站
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
(4) LinuxMint
在这里需要说明一下:Linux Mint的软件源配置和其它系统稍有不同,需要同时修改/etc/apt/sources.list
和/etc/apt/sources.list.d/official-package-repositories.list
这两个文件,首先可以将两个文件内容都清空或者全部注释掉,然后选择下列任意一个镜像站的对应配置内容粘贴进去。
1. 21.2 - victoria
① 阿里云
/etc/apt/sources.list
内容:
# 阿里镜像站
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/linuxmint-packages victoria backport import main multiverse romeo universe upstream
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/linuxmint-packages victoria backport import main multiverse romeo universe upstream
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/official-package-repositories.list
内容:
# 阿里镜像站
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
② 腾讯云
/etc/apt/sources.list
内容:
# 腾讯镜像站
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/linuxmint victoria backport import main multiverse romeo universe upstream
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/linuxmint victoria backport import main multiverse romeo universe upstream
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/official-package-repositories.list
内容:
# 腾讯镜像站
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
③ 清华大学镜像站
/etc/apt/sources.list
内容:
# 清华大学镜像站
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/linuxmint victoria backport import main multiverse romeo universe upstream
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/linuxmint victoria backport import main multiverse romeo universe upstream
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/official-package-repositories.list
内容:
# 清华大学镜像站
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
④ 中科大
/etc/apt/sources.list
内容:
# 中科大镜像站
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/linuxmint victoria backport import main multiverse romeo universe upstream
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/linuxmint victoria backport import main multiverse romeo universe upstream
/etc/apt/sources.list.d/official-package-repositories.list
内容:
# 中科大镜像站
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-backports main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-proposed main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-security main multiverse restricted universe
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates main multiverse restricted universe
(5) Kali
1. 2022.x - kali-rolling
① 阿里云
# 阿里镜像站
deb https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
② 腾讯云
# 腾讯镜像站
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
③ 清华大学镜像站
# 清华大学镜像站
deb https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
deb-src https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
④ 中科大镜像站
# 中科大镜像站
deb http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/kali kali-rolling main non-free contrib
记得要以管理员身份才能编辑该文件!保存后执行命令sudo apt update
以更新索引!
3,软件源更新问题
如果新安装的Linux,在根据上述操作配置软件源后,执行sudo apt update
时报错如下:
这是由于系统缺少软件包ca-certificates
导致。
解决办法是,先编辑软件源配置/etc/apt/sources.list
文件,将其中所有的地址前面的https
改成http
,再执行下列命令:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install ca-certificates
然后,再把/etc/apt/sources.list
文件中的所有的地址前面的http
重新改回https
,并再次执行sudo apt update
即可!
4,更新系统
如果你现在使用的是Debian 11的版本,想更新到Debian 12版本,并不需要重装系统,只需要将你的软件源配置文件sources.list
中的内容换成Debian 12的软件源配置,再执行更新命令即可!
替换完成内容后,执行下列命令完成系统更新:
sudo apt update
sudo apt full-upgrade
sudo apt autoremove
sudo apt clean
最后重启系统。
参考:
- Debian软件仓库wiki:传送门
- Debian软件源配置文件说明:传送门
推荐阅读
-
Debian 系统 Linux 软件源代码配置详情和常用国产软件源代码汇总
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包婷婷 (201550484)作业一 统计软件简介与数据操作-SPSS(Statistical Product and Service Solutions),"统计产品与服务解决方案"软件。最初软件全称为"(SolutionsStatistical Package for the Social Sciences),但是随着SPSS产品服务领域的扩大和服务深度的增加,SPSS公司已于2000年正式将英文全称更改为"统计产品与服务解决方案",标志着SPSS的战略方向正在做出重大调整。为IBM公司推出的一系列用于统计学分析运算、数据挖掘、预测分析和决策支持任务的软件产品及相关服务的总称SPSS,有Windows和Mac OS X等版本。 1984年SPSS总部首先推出了世界上第一个统计分析软件微机版本SPSS/PC+,开创了SPSS微机系列产品的开发方向,极大地扩充了它的应用范围,并使其能很快地应用于自然科学、技术科学、社会科学的各个领域。世界上许多有影响的报刊杂志纷纷就SPSS的自动统计绘图、数据的深入分析、使用方便、功能齐全等方面给予了高度的评价。 R统计软件介绍 R是一套完整的数据处理、计算和制图软件系统。其功能包括:数据存储和处理系统;数组运算工具(其向量、矩阵运算方面功能尤其强大);完整连贯的统计分析工具;优秀的统计制图功能;简便而强大的编程语言:可操纵数据的输入和输出,可实现分支、循环,用户可自定义功能。 与其说R是一种统计软件,还不如说R是一种数学计算的环境,因为R并不是仅仅提供若干统计程序、使用者只需指定数据库和若干参数便可进行一个统计分析。R的思想是:它可以提供一些集成的统计工具,但更大量的是它提供各种数学计算、统计计算的函数,从而使使用者能灵活机动的进行数据分析,甚至创造出符合需要的新的统计计算方法。 该语言的语法表面上类似 C,但在语义上是函数设计语言(functional programming language)的变种并且和Lisp 以及 APL有很强的兼容性。特别的是,它允许在"语言上计算"(computing on the language)。这使得它可以把表达式作为函数的输入参数,而这种做法对统计模拟和绘图非常有用。 R是一个免费的*软件,它有UNIX、LINUX、MacOS和WINDOWS版本,都是可以免费下载和使用的。在R主页那儿可以下载到R的安装程序、各种外挂程序和文档。在R的安装程序中只包含了8个基础模块,其他外在模块可以通过CRAN获得。 二、R语言 R是用于统计分析、绘图的语言和操作环境。R是属于GNU系统的一个*、免费、源代码开放的软件,它是一个用于统计计算和统计制图的优秀工具。 R作为一种统计分析软件,是集统计分析与图形显示于一体的。它可以运行于UNIX,Windows和Macintosh的操作系统上,而且嵌入了一个非常方便实用的帮助系统,相比于其他统计分析软件,R还有以下特点: 1.R是*软件。这意味着它是完全免费,开放源代码的。可以在它的网站及其镜像中下载任何有关的安装程序、源代码、程序包及其源代码、文档资料。标准的安装文件身自身就带有许多模块和内嵌统计函数,安装好后可以直接实现许多常用的统计功能。[2] 2.R是一种可编程的语言。作为一个开放的统计编程环境,语法通俗易懂,很容易学会和掌握语言的语法。而且学会之后,我们可以编制自己的函数来扩展现有的语言。这也就是为什么它的更新速度比一般统计软件,如,SPSS,SAS等快得多。大多数最新的统计方法和技术都可以在R中直接得到。[2] 3. 所有R的函数和数据集是保存在程序包里面的。只有当一个包被载入时,它的内容才可以被访问。一些常用、基本的程序包已经被收入了标准安装文件中,随着新的统计分析方法的出现,标准安装文件中所包含的程序包也随着版本的更新而不断变化。在另外版安装文件中,已经包含的程序包有:base一R的基础模块、mle一极大似然估计模块、ts一时间序列分析模块、mva一多元统计分析模块、survival一生存分析模块等等.[2] 4.R具有很强的互动性。除了图形输出是在另外的窗口处,它的输入输出窗口都是在同一个窗口进行的,输入语法中如果出现错误会马上在窗口口中得到提示,对以前输入过的命令有记忆功能,可以随时再现、编辑修改以满足用户的需要。输出的图形可以直接保存为JPG,BMP,PNG等图片格式,还可以直接保存为PDF文件。另外,和其他编程语言和数据库之间有很好的接口。[2] 5.如果加入R的帮助邮件列表一,每天都可能会收到几十份关于R的邮件资讯。可以和全球一流的统计计算方面的专家讨论各种问题,可以说是全世界最大、最前沿的统计学家思维的聚集地.[2] R是基于S语言的一个GNU项目,所以也可以当作S语言的一种实现,通常用S语言编写的代码都可以不作修改的在R环境下运行。 R的语法是来自Scheme。R的使用与S-PLUS有很多类似之处,这两种语言有一定的兼容性。S-PLUS的使用手册,只要稍加修改就可作为R的使用手册。所以有人说:R,是S-PLUS的一个“克隆”。 但是请不要忘了:R是免费的(R is free)。R语言源代码托管在github,具体地址可以看参考资料。[3] 。 R语言的下载可以通过CRAN的镜像来查找。 R语言有域名为.cn的下载地址,有六个,其中两个由Datagurn,由 中国科学技术大学提供的。R语言Windows版,其中由两个下载地点是Datagurn和 USTC提供的。 三、stata Stata 是一套提供其使用者数据分析、数据管理以及绘制专业图表的完整及整合性统计软件。它提供许许多多功能,包含线性混合模型、均衡重复反复及多项式普罗比模式。用Stata绘制的统计图形相当精美。 新版本的STATA采用最具亲和力的窗口接口,使用者自行建立程序时,软件能提供具有直接命令式的语法。Stata提供完整的使用手册,包含统计样本建立、解释、模型与语法、文献等超过一万余页的出版品。 除此之外,Stata软件可以透过网络实时更新每天的最新功能,更可以得知世界各地的使用者对于STATA公司提出的问题与解决之道。使用者也可以透过Stata. Journal获得许许多多的相关讯息以及书籍介绍等。另外一个获取庞大资源的管道就是Statalist,它是一个独立的listserver,每月交替提供使用者超过1000个讯息以及50个程序。 四、PYTHON
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Debian 系统 Linux 软件源代码配置详情和常用国产软件源代码汇总