C代码从源代码到可执行文件——编译全过程解析

最编程 2024-08-13 10:09:52

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程序的生命周期从一个高级C语言程序开始，这种形式能够被人读懂，却不能被机器读懂，为了在系统上运行这个程序，该源程序需要被其他程序转化为一系列低级机器语言指令，然后将这些指令按照可执行目标程序的格式打包并以二进制磁盘文件形式存储起来。在Linux系统下，可用以下指令完成源程序到目标程序的转化：

gcc -o hello hello.c main.c

gcc 编译器驱动程序读取源文件hello.c和main.c，经过预处理、编译、汇编、链接（分别使用预处理器、编译器、汇编器、链接器，这四个程序构成了编译系统）四个步骤，将其翻译成可执行目标程序hello。如下图所示：

编译流程

运行以下命令： » gcc –help 如下图所示，分别对应上图四个阶段：

gcc选项

一. 示例程序 main.c

#include<stdio.h>
void hello();
int main() {
  hello();
  return 0;
}

hello.c

#include<stdio.h>
void hello() {
  printf("Hello worldn");
}

二. 预处理预处理器(CPP)根据源程序中以字符”#”开头的命令，修改源程序，得到另一个源程序，常以.i作为文件扩展名。修改主要包括#include、#define和条件编译三个方面。可执行以下命令查看程序变化：

gcc -o main.i -E main.c gcc -o hello.i -E hello.c

查看hello.i,如下图所示(main.i类似)：

# 1 "hello.c"
# 1 "<command-line>"
# 1 "hello.c"
# 1 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 1 3
# 19 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
# 1 "d:\mingw\include\_mingw.h" 1 3
# 41 "d:\mingw\include\_mingw.h" 3
       
# 42 "d:\mingw\include\_mingw.h" 3
# 20 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 2 3






# 1 "d:\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\4.8.1\include\stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 212 "d:\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\4.8.1\include\stddef.h" 3 4
typedef unsigned int size_t;
# 324 "d:\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\4.8.1\include\stddef.h" 3 4
typedef short unsigned int wchar_t;
# 353 "d:\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\4.8.1\include\stddef.h" 3 4
typedef short unsigned int wint_t;
# 27 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 2 3

# 1 "d:\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\4.8.1\include\stdarg.h" 1 3 4
# 40 "d:\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\4.8.1\include\stdarg.h" 3 4
typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list;
# 29 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 2 3
# 130 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
typedef struct _iobuf
{
 char* _ptr;
 int _cnt;
 char* _base;
 int _flag;
 int _file;
 int _charbuf;
 int _bufsiz;
 char* _tmpfname;
} FILE;
# 155 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
extern __attribute__ ((__dllimport__)) FILE _iob[];












 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fopen (const char*, const char*);
 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) freopen (const char*, const char*, FILE*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fflush (FILE*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fclose (FILE*);

 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) remove (const char*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) rename (const char*, const char*);
 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) tmpfile (void);
 char* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) tmpnam (char*);


 char* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _tempnam (const char*, const char*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _rmtmp(void);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _unlink (const char*);


 char* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) tempnam (const char*, const char*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) rmtmp(void);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) unlink (const char*);



 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) setvbuf (FILE*, char*, int, size_t);

 void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) setbuf (FILE*, char*);
# 203 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
extern int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __mingw_fprintf(FILE*, const char*, ...);
extern int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __mingw_printf(const char*, ...);
extern int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __mingw_sprintf(char*, const char*, ...);
extern int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __mingw_snprintf(char*, size_t, const char*, ...);
extern int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __mingw_vfprintf(FILE*, const char*, __gnuc_va_list);
extern int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __mingw_vprintf(const char*, __gnuc_va_list);
extern int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __mingw_vsprintf(char*, const char*, __gnuc_va_list);
extern int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __mingw_vsnprintf(char*, size_t, const char*, __gnuc_va_list);
# 292 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fprintf (FILE*, const char*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) printf (const char*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) sprintf (char*, const char*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vfprintf (FILE*, const char*, __gnuc_va_list);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vprintf (const char*, __gnuc_va_list);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vsprintf (char*, const char*, __gnuc_va_list);
# 307 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __msvcrt_fprintf(FILE*, const char*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __msvcrt_printf(const char*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __msvcrt_sprintf(char*, const char*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __msvcrt_vfprintf(FILE*, const char*, __gnuc_va_list);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __msvcrt_vprintf(const char*, __gnuc_va_list);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __msvcrt_vsprintf(char*, const char*, __gnuc_va_list);





 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _snprintf (char*, size_t, const char*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _vsnprintf (char*, size_t, const char*, __gnuc_va_list);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _vscprintf (const char*, __gnuc_va_list);
# 330 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) snprintf (char *, size_t, const char *, ...);
int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vsnprintf (char *, size_t, const char *, __gnuc_va_list);

int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vscanf (const char * __restrict__, __gnuc_va_list);
int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vfscanf (FILE * __restrict__, const char * __restrict__,
       __gnuc_va_list);
int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vsscanf (const char * __restrict__,
       const char * __restrict__, __gnuc_va_list);







 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fscanf (FILE*, const char*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) scanf (const char*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) sscanf (const char*, const char*, ...);




 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fgetc (FILE*);
 char* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fgets (char*, int, FILE*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fputc (int, FILE*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fputs (const char*, FILE*);
 char* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) gets (char*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) puts (const char*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ungetc (int, FILE*);







 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _filbuf (FILE*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _flsbuf (int, FILE*);



extern __inline__ int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) getc (FILE* __F)
{
  return (--__F->_cnt >= 0)
    ? (int) (unsigned char) *__F->_ptr++
    : _filbuf (__F);
}

extern __inline__ int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) putc (int __c, FILE* __F)
{
  return (--__F->_cnt >= 0)
    ? (int) (unsigned char) (*__F->_ptr++ = (char)__c)
    : _flsbuf (__c, __F);
}

extern __inline__ int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) getchar (void)
{
  return (--(&_iob[0])->_cnt >= 0)
    ? (int) (unsigned char) *(&_iob[0])->_ptr++
    : _filbuf ((&_iob[0]));
}

extern __inline__ int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) putchar(int __c)
{
  return (--(&_iob[1])->_cnt >= 0)
    ? (int) (unsigned char) (*(&_iob[1])->_ptr++ = (char)__c)
    : _flsbuf (__c, (&_iob[1]));}
# 411 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
 size_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fread (void*, size_t, size_t, FILE*);
 size_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fwrite (const void*, size_t, size_t, FILE*);





 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fseek (FILE*, long, int);
 long __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ftell (FILE*);
 void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) rewind (FILE*);
# 454 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
typedef long long fpos_t;




 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fgetpos (FILE*, fpos_t*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fsetpos (FILE*, const fpos_t*);





 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) feof (FILE*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ferror (FILE*);
# 479 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
 void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) clearerr (FILE*);
 void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) perror (const char*);






 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _popen (const char*, const char*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _pclose (FILE*);


 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) popen (const char*, const char*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) pclose (FILE*);





 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _flushall (void);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _fgetchar (void);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _fputchar (int);
 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _fdopen (int, const char*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _fileno (FILE*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _fcloseall (void);
 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _fsopen (const char*, const char*, int);

 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _getmaxstdio (void);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _setmaxstdio (int);
# 526 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
unsigned int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_get_output_format (void);
unsigned int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_set_output_format (unsigned int);







int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_get_printf_count_output (void);
int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __mingw_set_printf_count_output (int);
# 553 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
extern __inline__ __attribute__((__always_inline__)) unsigned int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _get_output_format (void)
{ return __mingw_get_output_format (); }

extern __inline__ __attribute__((__always_inline__)) unsigned int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _set_output_format (unsigned int __style)
{ return __mingw_set_output_format (__style); }
# 579 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
extern __inline__ __attribute__((__always_inline__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _get_printf_count_output (void)
{ return 0 ? 1 : __mingw_get_printf_count_output (); }

extern __inline__ __attribute__((__always_inline__)) int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) _set_printf_count_output (int __mode)
{ return 0 ? 1 : __mingw_set_printf_count_output (__mode); }



 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fgetchar (void);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fputchar (int);
 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fdopen (int, const char*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fileno (FILE*);
# 599 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
# 1 "d:\mingw\include\sys\types.h" 1 3
# 35 "d:\mingw\include\sys\types.h" 3
       
# 36 "d:\mingw\include\sys\types.h" 3
# 45 "d:\mingw\include\sys\types.h" 3
# 1 "d:\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\4.8.1\include\stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 147 "d:\mingw\lib\gcc\mingw32\4.8.1\include\stddef.h" 3 4
typedef int ptrdiff_t;
# 46 "d:\mingw\include\sys\types.h" 2 3



# 1 "d:\mingw\include\parts\time.h" 1 3
# 64 "d:\mingw\include\parts\time.h" 3
   typedef long __time32_t;
   typedef long long __time64_t;
# 74 "d:\mingw\include\parts\time.h" 3
    typedef __time32_t time_t;
# 50 "d:\mingw\include\sys\types.h" 2 3




typedef long _off_t;


typedef _off_t off_t;







typedef unsigned int _dev_t;





typedef _dev_t dev_t;






typedef short _ino_t;


typedef _ino_t ino_t;






typedef int _pid_t;


typedef _pid_t pid_t;






typedef unsigned short _mode_t;


typedef _mode_t mode_t;






typedef int _sigset_t;


typedef _sigset_t sigset_t;





typedef int _ssize_t;


typedef _ssize_t ssize_t;





typedef long long fpos64_t;




typedef long long off64_t;







typedef unsigned long useconds_t __attribute__ ((__deprecated__));
# 600 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 2 3
extern __inline__
FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fopen64 (const char* filename, const char* mode)
{ return fopen (filename, mode); }

int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fseeko64 (FILE*, off64_t, int);






extern __inline__
off64_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ftello64 (FILE * stream)
{
  fpos_t pos;
  if (fgetpos(stream, &pos))
    return -1LL;
  else
   return ((off64_t) pos);
}
# 628 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fwprintf (FILE*, const wchar_t*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) wprintf (const wchar_t*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _snwprintf (wchar_t*, size_t, const wchar_t*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vfwprintf (FILE*, const wchar_t*, __gnuc_va_list);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vwprintf (const wchar_t*, __gnuc_va_list);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _vsnwprintf (wchar_t*, size_t, const wchar_t*, __gnuc_va_list);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _vscwprintf (const wchar_t*, __gnuc_va_list);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fwscanf (FILE*, const wchar_t*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) wscanf (const wchar_t*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) swscanf (const wchar_t*, const wchar_t*, ...);
 wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fgetwc (FILE*);
 wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fputwc (wchar_t, FILE*);
 wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ungetwc (wchar_t, FILE*);



 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) swprintf (wchar_t*, const wchar_t*, ...);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vswprintf (wchar_t*, const wchar_t*, __gnuc_va_list);



 wchar_t* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fgetws (wchar_t*, int, FILE*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fputws (const wchar_t*, FILE*);
 wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) getwc (FILE*);
 wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) getwchar (void);
 wchar_t* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _getws (wchar_t*);
 wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) putwc (wint_t, FILE*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _putws (const wchar_t*);
 wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) putwchar (wint_t);
 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _wfdopen(int, const wchar_t *);
 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _wfopen (const wchar_t*, const wchar_t*);
 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _wfreopen (const wchar_t*, const wchar_t*, FILE*);
 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _wfsopen (const wchar_t*, const wchar_t*, int);
 wchar_t* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _wtmpnam (wchar_t*);
 wchar_t* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _wtempnam (const wchar_t*, const wchar_t*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _wrename (const wchar_t*, const wchar_t*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _wremove (const wchar_t*);
 void __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _wperror (const wchar_t*);
 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _wpopen (const wchar_t*, const wchar_t*);



int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) snwprintf (wchar_t* s, size_t n, const wchar_t* format, ...);
int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vsnwprintf (wchar_t* s, size_t n, const wchar_t* format, __gnuc_va_list arg);





int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vwscanf (const wchar_t * __restrict__, __gnuc_va_list);
int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vfwscanf (FILE * __restrict__,
         const wchar_t * __restrict__, __gnuc_va_list);
int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) vswscanf (const wchar_t * __restrict__,
         const wchar_t * __restrict__, __gnuc_va_list);
# 690 "d:\mingw\include\stdio.h" 3
 FILE* __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) wpopen (const wchar_t*, const wchar_t*);






 wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _fgetwchar (void);
 wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _fputwchar (wint_t);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _getw (FILE*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) _putw (int, FILE*);


 wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fgetwchar (void);
 wint_t __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) fputwchar (wint_t);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) getw (FILE*);
 int __attribute__((__cdecl__)) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) putw (int, FILE*);





# 2 "hello.c" 2
void hello() {
  printf("Hello worldn");
}

从上图可以看出，预处理只是对源文件进行了扩展，得到的仍然是C语言源程序。

三. 编译编译器(CCL)将经过预处理器处理得到的文本文件hello.i和main.i翻译成hello.s与main.s，其中包含了汇编语言程序，汇编语言程序以一种标准的文本格式确切描述一条低级机器语言指令。运行以下命令进行编译：

gcc -S main.i hello.i

查看main.s和hello.s：

//main.s

    .file   "main.c"
    .def    ___main;    .scl    2;  .type   32; .endef
    .text
    .globl  _main
    .def    _main;  .scl    2;  .type   32; .endef
_main:
LFB10:
    .cfi_startproc
    pushl   %ebp
    .cfi_def_cfa_offset 8
    .cfi_offset 5, -8
    movl    %esp, %ebp
    .cfi_def_cfa_register 5
    andl    $-16, %esp
    call    ___main
    call    _hello
    movl    $0, %eax
    leave
    .cfi_restore 5
    .cfi_def_cfa 4, 4
    ret
    .cfi_endproc
LFE10:
    .ident  "GCC: (GNU) 4.8.1"
    .def    _hello; .scl    2;  .type   32; .endef

//hello.s

    .file   "hello.c"
    .section .rdata,"dr"
LC0:
    .ascii "Hello world "
    .text
    .globl  _hello
    .def    _hello; .scl    2;  .type   32; .endef
_hello:
LFB10:
    .cfi_startproc
    pushl   %ebp
    .cfi_def_cfa_offset 8
    .cfi_offset 5, -8
    movl    %esp, %ebp
    .cfi_def_cfa_register 5
    subl    $24, %esp
    movl    $LC0, (%esp)
    call    _puts
    leave
    .cfi_restore 5
    .cfi_def_cfa 4, 4
    ret
    .cfi_endproc
LFE10:
    .ident  "GCC: (GNU) 4.8.1"
    .def    _puts;  .scl    2;  .type   32; .endef

四. 汇编汇编器(AS)将hello.s和main.s翻译成机器语言指令，并打包成可重定位目标程序，一般以.o为文件扩展名。可重定位目标程序是二进制文件，它的字节编码是机器语言指令而不是字符。运行以下指令可得到重定位目标程序main.o和hello.o：

gcc -c main.s hello.s

用文本编辑器打开main.o和hello.o发现文件是乱码，因为此时已经是二进制文件。

五. 链接链接程序(LD）将main.o和hello.o以及一些其他必要的目标文件组合起来，创建可执行目标文件。

gcc -o hello main.o hello.o

得到可执行程序hello.

在终端运行./hello，程序加载并运行。

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C代码从源代码到可执行文件——编译全过程解析